1. The perception of depth: How do we experience three-dimensional space if the proxilmal stimulus (retinal image) is always two-dimensional? Molyneux’s answer.
 

2. Depth cues and stereopsis

a. Monocular cues:

• Occlusion
• Interposition
• Relative size
• Linear perspective – 4 elements: parallel lines diverging/converging; width of object as it protrudes in space; density of elements (texture gradient); compression -  the ratio of the height to width of object as it protrudes in space

b. Oculmotor cues:

• Accomodation of the lens of the eye
• Far  = Thin lens
• Near = Fat lens
• Convergence of the eyes

c. Binocular cues – RETINAL DISPARITY

d. The perception of depth through motion – MOTION PARALAX

3. Lightness, size, and shape CONSTANCY.
 

4. Visual illusions.  Examples:

a. The moon illusion

b. The Muller-Lyer illusion

c. The Ponzo illusion

d. The Ames room illusion

5. Top-down processes in perception – the role of prior experience and expectations