1. The basic phenomenon of motivation:
 

a.  We study motivation when we want to find out WHY organisms do what they do

b.  Motivation is apparent in a pattern of actions, not just a single action

c.  Motivation is apparent in goal-directed or purposeful behavior

2. A word on physical things versus theoretical constructs (or ideas)
 

3. Measurement of concepts – operational definitions
 

4. More biological motives: hunger, thirst, and sex.  Charles Darwin and his theory of evolution.
 

5. Mechanisms of hunger and eating behavior:
 

a.  Stomach contractions

b.  Blood sugar levels

c.  Taste of food

6. Less biological motives: Need Achievement.
 

7. Measuring motives: Projective tests
 

a.  the Rorschach

b.  the TAT.

8. Cultivating need for achievement in kids – warmth and affection!